Diamond Model and Clusters
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What is the Diamond Model?The Diamond Model of Michael Porter for the competitive advantage of Nations offers a model that can help understand the comparative position of a nation in global competition. The model can also be used for major geographic regions. Traditional country advantagesTraditionally, economic theory mentions the following factors for comparative advantage for regions or countries:
Because these 5 factors can hardly be influenced, this fits in a rather passive (inherited) view regarding national economic opportunity. ClustersPorter says that sustained industrial growth has hardly ever been built on above mentioned basic inherited factors. Abundance of such factors may actually undermine competitive advantage! He introduces a concept called "clusters" or groups of interconnected firms, suppliers, related industries, and institutions, that arise in certain locations. These clusters are geographic concentrations of interconnected companies, specialized suppliers, service providers, and associated institutions in a particular field. They grow on locations where enough resources and competences amass and reach a critical threshold, giving it a key position in a given economic branch of activity, with a decisive sustainable competitive advantage over others places, or even a world supremacy in that field. Porter says clusters can influence competition in three ways:
Some well-known examples of Clusters are USA/Silicon Valley (computers), Netherlands/Rotterdam (logistics), India/Bangalore (software outsourcing), USA/Hollywood (movies), France/Paris (fashion). According to Porter, as a rule competitive advantage of nations is the outcome of 4 interlinked advanced factors and activities in and between companies in these clusters. These can be influenced in a pro-active way by government. Interlinked factors for Competitive Advantage
The role of government in the Diamond Model of PorterThe role of government in the Diamond Model of Porter is to act as a catalyst and challenger; it is to encourage - or even push - companies to raise their aspirations and move to higher levels of competitive performance. They must encourage companies to raise their performance, to stimulate early demand for advanced products, to focus on specialized factor creation and to stimulate local rivalry by limiting direct cooperation and enforcing anti-trust regulations. The competitive advantage of nationsPorter introduced this model in his book: "The Competitive Advantage of Nations", after having done research in ten leading trading nations. The book was the first theory of competitiveness based on the causes of the productivity with which companies compete. Instead of traditional comparative advantages such as natural resources and pools of labor. This book should be considered obligatory reading for government economic strategists. It is also highly recommended for corporate strategists that are interested in the macro-economic environment of corporations. Book: Michael Porter - The Competitive Advantage of Nations
Compare with: Porter Value Chain | Porter Competitive Advantage | Porter Five Forces | The Value Net, Co-opetition | Bottom of the Pyramid | PEST Analysis | SWOT Analysis | Simulation | Benchmarking | Scenario Planning | Bricks and Clicks | Four Trajectories of Industry Change Return to Management Hub: Finance & Investing | Knowledge & Intangibles | Strategy & Innovation | Supply Chain & Quality |
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